銆€Fair and square

銆€銆€Some monkeys seem to have a highly developed sense of fairness

銆€銆€EVERYBODY loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

銆€銆€The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys, which have all the necessary ingredients to capture the public imagination. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their finicky female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males (although why this is so remains a mystery).

銆€銆€Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr Brosnan's and Dr de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to swap pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

銆€銆€In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (in the absence of an actual monkey able to eat it) was enough to induce sullen behaviour in a female capuchin.

銆€銆€Dr Brosnan and Dr de Waal report that such behaviour is unusual in their trained monkeys. During two years of bartering prior to these experiments, failure to exchange tokens for food occurred in fewer than 5% of trials. And what made the behaviour even more extraordinary was that these monkeys forfeited food that they could see—and which they would have readily accepted in almost any other set of circumstances.

銆€銆€The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35m years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

銆€銆€绺介珨浠嬬垂

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銆€銆€鍛介浜烘槸閫欐ǎ瑷▓瑭﹂鐨勶細

銆€銆€21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

銆€銆€[A] posing a contrast.

銆€銆€[B] justifying an assumption.

銆€銆€[C] making a comparison.

銆€銆€[D] explaining a phenomenon.

銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撲富鏃ㄩ锛岄洠搴﹀緢澶�銆傞洠搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐐�0.246(鍗冲彧鏈�24.6%鐨勮€冪敓绛斿皪姝ら)銆傚晱椤屾槸“浣滆€呬竴娈靛紩鍑轰富椤岀殑鏂瑰紡”鏄粈涔堬紝閫欑瓑浜庡晱涓€娈电殑瀵綔鏂规硶鍜屾枃绔犵祼妲�銆備竴娈靛厛绲﹀嚭涓€鍊嬬従(xi脿n)璞★細涓€鍊嬩汉浜嗚В鍒版嚩鏁ｇ殑(slack)鍚屼簨姣旇嚜宸卞緱鍒扮殑鍔犺柂鏇村鏅傦紝鏈冨ぇ鐧�(f膩)闆烽渾(outraged)锛岃€屼笖涓€鑸汉瑾嶇偤鍙湁浜哄皪浜庨€欑ó涓嶅叕骞冲緟閬囨湁鎬ㄦ仺鎰�(sense of grievance)銆備綔鑰呮帴钁楁寚鍑轰竴鍊嬬爺绌惰〃鏄庣尨瀛愪篃鏈夐€欑ó蹇冪悊(it is all too monkey, as well)銆傜敱姝ゅ彲瑕嬩綔鑰呴€氶亷浜哄拰鐚村瓙鐨勯姣斿紩鍑烘枃绔犵殑涓婚銆侰“姣旇純(浜哄拰鐚村瓙)浜岃€呯殑鐩镐技涔嬭檿”绗﹀悎姝ゆ剰锛岀偤姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆侫“鎻愬嚭涓€鍊嬪皪姣�”鑸囦綔鑰呯殑瀵綔鏂规硶鐩稿弽銆侭“璀夋槑涓€鍊嬪亣瑷悎鐞�”鍜孌“瑙ｉ噵涓€鍊嬬従(xi脿n)璞�”閮借垏浣滆€呭湪涓€娈甸亱鐢ㄧ殑瀵綔鏂规硶涓嶇锛屾墍浠ラ兘鏄共鎿鹃伕闋呫€�

銆€銆€22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that

銆€銆€[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

銆€銆€[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.

銆€銆€[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

銆€銆€[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撳彞瀛愮悊瑙ｉ銆傚晱椤屽皪鎳変竴娈垫湯鍙ワ細浣嗘槸涓€鍊嬬爺绌�…琛ㄦ槑閫欑ó鎯呮劅(鎸囦笂鏂囨墍瑾殑sense of grievance---涓嶅钩鎰�)涔熸槸“鐚翠箣甯告儏”(it is all too monkey)銆備綔鑰呭湪鏂囩珷闁嬪鎸囧嚭浜哄皪涓嶅叕骞冲緟閬囨湁濮斿眻鎰�锛屾帴钁楁寚鍑虹尨瀛愪篃鍏锋湁閫欑ó鎰熻銆侭“鎬ㄦ仺涓嶅叕骞充篃鏄尨瀛愮殑鏈€�”绗﹀悎姝ゆ剰锛岀偤姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆侫“鐚村瓙灏嶄簬鎳舵暎鐨勫皪鎵嬩篃鏈冪媯鎬�”鍙槸瑾埌浜嗚〃闈㈢従(xi脿n)璞�锛屽苟鏈寚鍑鸿垏浜虹殑椤炴瘮鎵€鎻ず鐨勬洿娣辩殑閬撶悊---閫欎篃鏄尨瀛愮殑鏈€с€侰“鐚村瓙鍍忎汉涓€妯�锛屼篃甯稿父鐩镐簰瀚夊”鑸囧師鏂囦笉绗︼紝鍥犵偤鍘熸枃瑾殑鏄灞堟劅锛岃€屼笉鏄珘濡掗€欑ó蹇冪悊銆侱閬搁爡鑸囧師鏂囩浉鐭涚浘锛屽洜鐐轰汉涔熸湁閫欑ó鎰熻銆傛湰椤岃純闆ｏ紝闆ｅ害绯绘暩(sh霉)鐐�0.368銆�

銆€銆€23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

銆€銆€[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.

銆€銆€[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.

銆€銆€[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.

銆€銆€[D] more generous than their male companions.

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銆€銆€24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

銆€銆€[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.

銆€銆€[B] can be taught to exchange things.

銆€銆€[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

銆€銆€[D] are unhappy when separated from others.

銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撲簨瀵︾窗绡€(ji茅)椤�銆傚晱椤屾槸“Dr. Brosnan鍜孌r. De Waal鏈€绲傚湪鐮旂┒涓櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗙尨瀛愮殑浠€涔堢壒榛�”銆俥ventually(鏈€绲�)閫欏€嬭鎻愮ず閫欓亾椤屽闅涗笂鏄晱瑭茬爺绌剁殑绲愯珫銆傛湰鏂囦笁娈靛拰鍥涙璜栬堪鐮旂┒鐨勫叿楂斿収(n猫i)瀹�锛屾湯娈电附绲愪簡鐮旂┒绲愯珫銆侰“鐚村瓙濡傛灉鎰熻琚灏变笉鍐嶅悎浣�”灏嶆噳鏈绗笁鍙�“鍙湁鐣舵瘡鍙尨瀛愭劅瑕烘矑鏈夎楱欐檪锛岄€欓鍚堜綔鎵嶆湁鍙兘淇濇寔绌�(w臎n)瀹�”锛岀偤姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆侫閬搁爡鍜孊閬搁爡閮戒笉鏄爺绌朵汉鍝＄殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岃€屾槸浣滆€呭湪鍥涙闄宠堪鐨勪簨瀵�銆侱閬搁爡鍦ㄥ師鏂囨矑鏈夋槑纰烘彁鍒帮紝鏇翠笉鏄爺绌朵汉鍝＄殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)銆傛湰椤岄洠搴﹁純灏�锛岄洠搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐐�0.805(鍗虫湁80.5%鐨勮€冪敓绛斿皪姝ら)銆�

銆€銆€25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

銆€銆€[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

銆€銆€[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

銆€銆€[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

銆€銆€[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

銆€銆€[鍓栨瀽] 閫欐槸涓€閬撴帹鐞嗛銆傚晱椤屽皪鎳夋湯娈点€傞嚌灏嶆枃绔犱竴娈垫彁鍑虹殑鐚村瓙涔熸湁鍏钩鎰�(sense of fairness)閫欎竴榛�锛屼綔鑰呭湪涓枔涓夋浠ュ椹楀姞浠ヨ瓑鏄�锛屾湯娈垫寚鍑洪€欑ó鍏钩鎰熸槸閫插寲鑰屼締鐨�銆傛湯娈垫渶鍚庝竴鍙ユ寚鍑洪€欑ó鍏钩鎰熺殑閫插寲閬庣▼灏氭湭纰哄畾(an unanswered question)銆侭“浜洪鐨勭京鎲ゆ劅(indignation)鐨勯€插寲渚嗘簮涓嶇⒑瀹�”绗﹀悎姝ゆ剰锛岀偤姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆傛敞鎰忥細B閬搁爡涓殑indignation(缇╂啢鎰�)灏嶆噳鏈彞涓殑sense of fairness(鍏钩鎰�)锛寀ncertain source灏嶆噳鏈彞涓殑unanswered question銆侫“鍙互瑷撶反鐚村瓙鍩归(y菐ng)绀炬渻鎯呮劅”鑸囧師鏂囦笉绗�锛屽洜鐐哄師鏂囨湯娈垫寚鍑虹尨瀛愮殑绀炬渻鎯呮劅鏄€插寲鑰屼締鐨�銆侰閬搁爡鍦ㄥ師鏂囨矑鏈夋彁鍒�銆侱“鐚村瓙涔嬮枔鐨勫悎浣滃彧鏈夊湪閲庡鏅傛墠淇濇寔绌�(w臎n)瀹�”鑸囧師鏂囦笉绗�锛屽洜鐐烘湯娈电涓夊彞鏄庣⒑鎸囧嚭鐚村瓙涔嬮枔鐨勫悎浣滃彧鏈夊湪鎰熻鍙楀埌鍏钩灏嶅緟鏅傛墠淇濇寔绌�(w臎n)瀹氥€傛湰椤岄洠搴︿竴鑸�锛岄洠搴︾郴鏁�(sh霉)鐐�0.584銆�