闀峰彞
1. 闀峰彞锛氶暦鍙ユ槸璁撴垜鍊戞劅鍒板緢鍥伴洠鐨勫彞瀛�锛岄暦鍙ョ殑鏄庨’鐗归粸灏辨槸鍙ュ瓙姣旇純闀凤紝涓€鍊嬪彞瀛愬線寰€鏈変笁銆佸洓琛岋紝鐢氳嚦涓€鍊嬪彞瀛愬氨鏄竴娈�銆傝ū澶氭噳瑭﹁€呭湪闁辫畝鏅傜稉(j墨ng)甯告渻闄峰叆涓€鍊嬪緢闀风殑鍙ュ瓙涓紝涓嶇煡閬撳畠鍒板簳璎涗簡浜涗粈涔�銆傞暦鍙ヤ箣鎵€浠ラ暦锛屼富瑕佹湁涓嬮潰骞惧€嬪師鍥狅細

I. 寰炲彞澶氬張闀凤細涓€鍊嬩富鍙ュ付澶氬€嬪緸鍙�锛屽緸鍙ヤ腑鍙堟湁寰炲彞銆�
鎳夊皪鏂规硶锛�棣栧厛鎵惧埌涓诲彞鐨勪富楂旈儴鍒�锛堝嵆涓昏獮銆佽瑐瑾炲拰璩撹獮锛�锛屽啀纰哄畾寰炲彞鐨勪富楂旈儴鍒嗭紝濡傛灉寰炲彞涓倓鏈夊緸鍙�锛�鍦ㄧ⒑瀹氫笅闈竴灞ゅ緸鍙ョ殑涓�銆佽瑐銆佽硴銆傛敞鎰忛柋璁€鏅備竴灞や竴灞ら€茶锛屽厛鎶婂悓涓€灞ゆ鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹圭湅瀹�锛屽啀鐪嬩笅涓€灞ゆ鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�銆�
渚嬪锛�98骞寸殑绗笁绡囬柋璁€鏂囩珷涓湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍙ヨ┍锛�“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research銆�”
閫欏彞瑭卞氨鏄湪that寮曞皫鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑锛屽張濂楀叆浜嗗叐鍊媤ho寮曞皫鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�銆傞€欏€嬪彞瀛愪富鍙ョ殑涓婚珨鏄痑 survey reveals that…銆傚緸鍙ョ殑绲愭姣旇純寰╅洔锛氫富瑾炴槸the antiscience tag锛堝弽绉戝鐨勬绨斤級锛岃瑐瑾炴槸has been attached to锛堣璨煎埌锛�锛岃硴瑾炴槸many other groups锛屽悗闈㈢敤浜嗕竴鍊媐rom sb. who…to sb. who…鐨勭祼妲嬩締鑸変緥瑙ｉ噵閫欎簺groups鍖呮嫭浠€涔堜汉銆傞€欏彞瑭辩殑鎰忔€濇槸“1996骞撮€茶鐨勪竴娆″皪鏂版浉鐨勮(di脿o)鏌ラ’绀猴紝“鍙嶇瀛�”鐨勬绨戒篃琚布鍦ㄤ簡寰堝鍒ョ殑浜虹兢鐨勮韩涓�锛屽寘鎷彁鍊℃牴闄ゆ畼浣欑殑澶╄姳鐥呮瘨鐨勬瑠濞佹妲�锛屼互鍙婃彁鍊″墛娓涘熀绀庣瀛哥爺绌惰硣閲戠殑姘戜富榛ㄤ汉銆�”

II锛庨暦闀风殑鎻掑叆鎴愬垎锛�鑰冪爺闁辫畝鎵€閬告枃绔犵殑涓€澶х壒榛炲氨鏄枩姝＄敤鎻掑叆瑾烇紝姣斿锛岀敤鎻掑叆瑾炰氦浠ｆ煇鍙ヨ┍鏄瑾殑锛岃瑭变汉鏄粈涔堣韩浠斤紱鎴栨槸鐢ㄦ彃鍏ヨ獮渚嗕慨椋�銆佽В閲�銆佽鍏呭墠闈㈢殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭瓑绛�銆傛彃鍏ヨ獮浣夸綔鑰呰兘鏇撮潏娲诲湴琛ㄩ仈鑷繁鐨勬剰鎬�锛屼絾鏄彃鍏ヨ獮閬庨暦鎴栨槸閬庡瀹规槗浣胯畝鑰呮壘涓嶅埌闁辫畝鐨勯噸榛�銆�寰炲舰寮忎笂鐪�锛屾彃鍏ヨ獮鐨勫嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鏈夋槑椤蹇楋細鐢ㄩ洐鐮存姌铏熻垏涓诲彞闅旈枊鎴栬€呯敤闆欓€楄櫉鑸囦富鍙ラ殧闁�銆�
鎳夊皪鏂规硶锛�璁€鍙ュ瓙鏅�锛屽厛涓嶈鐞嗘渻鎻掑叆瑾烇紝鍏堟妸涓诲彞鐨勬剰鎬濈湅瀹�銆傜劧鍚庡啀鐪嬫彃鍏ラ儴鍒�銆�
渚嬪锛�99骞寸涓€绡囬柋璁€鏂囩珷涓湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍙ヨ┍锛�“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. ”
閫欏彞瑭辩殑鎻掑叆瑾炴瘮杓冨锛岄鍏堟垜鍊戣鎵惧嚭涓诲彞锛歴tepladders carry labels锛堟瀛愪笂璨艰憲妯欑敖锛夛紝閫欏€媗abels鏈夊叐鍊嬩慨椋捐獮several inches long鍜屼竴鍊媡hat寮曞皫鐨勫緸鍙�銆�
寰炲彞鐨勪富瑾炴槸that锛堜篃灏辨槸labels锛�锛岃瑐瑾炴槸warn锛岃硴瑾炲張鏄彟涓€鍊媡hat寮曞皫鐨勫緸鍙ワ紝鍦╳arn鍜岃硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑鎻掑叆among other things锛岃〃绀鸿硴瑾炵殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰彧鏄湪warn锛堣璀﹀憡鐨勶級鐪惧鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛腑鍒楄垑鐨勪竴鍊嬨€傞€欏€嬭鍒楄垑鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规槸fall off锛堟憯涓嬩締锛�锛屼絾鍦╢all off涔嬪墠鍙堟彃鍏ヤ簡涓€鍊媠urprise!锛屾彃鍏ラ€欏€嬭鏄洜鐐轰綔鑰呰獚鐐烘瀛愯鍛奻all off鏄欢浠や汉鍚冮鐨勪簨锛屽洜鐐虹埇姊瓙鏈締灏辨湁鎽斾笅渚嗙殑鍗遍毆锛屼絾鍟嗗鐐轰簡鎬曟秷璨昏€呮帶鍛�锛岀珶鐒跺皣閫欎箞鏄庨’鐨勪簨鎯呬篃瀵€蹭簡璀﹀憡瑾�銆�
閫欏€嬪彞瀛愮殑闁辫畝闋嗗簭鎳夎┎鏄細绗竴灞tepladders carry labels several inches long that锛岀浜屽堡鏄痶hat warn that you might fall off锛屾渶鍚庡啀鐪嬪叐鍊嬫彃鍏ョ殑閮ㄥ垎among other things鍜宻urprise!

III锛庡垎瑭炵媭瑾�銆佺崹绔嬩富鏍肩祼妲嬬殑骞叉摼锛氬垎瑭炵媭瑾炲氨鏄寚鐢╠oing鎴杁one寮曞皫鐨勪即闅ㄧ媭瑾�銆佸師鍥犵媭瑾炵瓑锛涚崹绔嬩富鏍肩祼妲嬫湁鏅傜敱with寮曞皫锛岀湅浼间富璎傜祼妲�锛屼絾瀵﹂殯涓婂苟娌掓湁鐪熸鐨勮瑐瑾為儴鍒�銆傜敱浜庨€欎簺鎴愬垎鐨勫共鎿�锛屼笉鍍呭鍔犱簡鍙ュ瓙鐨勯暦搴�锛岃€屼笖浣夸汉寰堝鏄撻尟鎶婂畠鍊戠暥鎴愪富鍙�銆傚湪閫欓噷锛屾垜鍊戜笉鍘讳粩绱扮爺绌跺畠鍊戠殑瑾炴硶妲嬫垚锛岃€屼富瑕佺爺绌朵竴涓嬪湪闁辫畝鏅傛€庢ǎ鍒嗚鲸涓诲彞鍜岄€欎簺寰炲爆閮ㄥ垎銆�
鎳夊皪鏂规硶锛氫富鍙ユ渶閲嶈鐨勭壒寰佸氨鏄湁瀹屾暣鐨勪富璎傜祼妲�锛屽挨鍏舵槸鐛ㄧ珛鐨勮瑐瑾為儴鍒嗐€備粈涔堟ǎ鐨勮鑳芥鎴愮崹绔嬬殑璎傝獮閮ㄥ垎锛熸敞鎰忥細do\does鍜宨s\am\are鐨勫悇绋檪鎱�(t脿i)璁婂寲閮藉彲浠ュ仛璎傝獮锛屼絾鏄柈绱旂殑to do\doing\done鍜宼o be\being鐨勫舰寮忔槸涓嶅彲浠ュ仛璎傝獮鐨�銆�涓€鍊嬬湅浼煎彞瀛愮殑绲愭锛屽鏋滄矑鏈夌崹绔嬬殑璎傝獮閮ㄥ垎锛岄偅瀹冨氨涓嶆槸鍙ュ瓙锛岃€屾槸鍒嗚鐭獮鎴栬€呯崹绔嬩富鏍肩祼妲�銆�
渚嬪锛�1994骞磋€冪爺闁辫畝鐨勭鍥涚瘒鏂囩珷涓湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍙ヨ┍锛�“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy銆�”
With寮曞皫鐨勬槸涓€鍊嬬崹绔嬩富鏍肩祼妲�锛屽湪閫欏€嬪彞瀛愪腑鍋氬師鍥犵媭瑾�锛屼篃灏辨槸瑾�“鍥犵偤鐝�(xi脿n)瀛樼檶鐧ョ殑绋鏈�120绋箣澶�锛屾墍浠�…”銆傞€欏彞瑭辩殑涓昏獮鏄敱涓€鍊嬪京闆滅殑鍕曞悕瑭炵煭瑾炲厖鐣�?sh霉)?锛屽嵆discovering how cancer works銆傜敱浜庨€欏彞瑭辩殑鐙€瑾炶純闀凤紝涓昏獮鍙堟槸閫欐ǎ鐨勪竴鍊嬪京闆滅祼妲�锛屾墍浠ュぇ瀹跺線寰€鎰熷埌鎵句笉鍒伴€欏€嬪彞瀛愮殑涓诲共銆傚闅涗笂锛屽彧瑕佹姄浣忚瑐瑾炲嫊瑭炲氨寰堝鏄撴壘鍒板彞瀛愪富骞�銆傜敱浜庡柈绱攄oing鐨勫舰寮忔槸涓嶅彲浠ュ仛璎傝獮鐨勶紝鎵€浠ュ湪閫欏€嬪彞瀛愰噷锛宒iscovering灏辩禃涓嶅彲鑳芥槸璎傝獮銆傚畠鏄竴鍊嬪嫊鍚嶈锛岀浉鐣朵簬鍚嶈鐨勭敤娉�锛屽洜姝ゅ畠鏄仛涓昏獮鐨�銆俉orks闆栫劧鏄瑐瑾�锛屼絾瀹冩槸how cancer works閫欏€嬪緸鍙ヤ腑鐨勮瑐瑾�锛岃€屼笉鏄富鍙ョ殑璎傝獮銆傛墍浠�锛屼富鍙ョ殑璎傝獮鍙湁is銆�

鍦ㄥ闅涚殑闁辫畝閬庣▼涓�锛屾垜鍊戝父甯告渻纰板埌鍖呭惈涓婇潰涓夌ó鎯呮硜鐨勮秴寰╅洔鍙ュ瓙锛屽嵆锛氫竴鍊嬪彞瀛愪腑鏃㈡湁寰炲彞鍙堟湁鎻掑叆鎴愬垎锛岄倓鏈夊垎瑭炵媭瑾炴垨鑰呯崹绔嬩富鏍肩祼妲�銆傞柋璁€閫欑ó鍙ュ瓙鐨勬纰烘柟娉曟槸锛氬緸鍓嶅悜鍚�锛屾姄浣忕崹绔嬬殑璎傝獮閮ㄥ垎寰炶€屽崁(q奴)鍒ュ嚭涓诲彞鍜屽垎瑭炵媭瑾�锛屽啀鏍规摎(j霉)寰炲彞鐨勯€ｆ帴瑭烇紙鏈夋檪鐒￠€ｆ帴瑭烇級鍗€(q奴)鍒嗕富鍙ュ拰寰炲彞锛屽堡灞ょ悊瑙�锛屾彃鍏ヨ獮鎻掑湪鍝€嬪堡娆′腑灏辨斁鍦ㄥ摢鍊嬪堡娆′腑鐞嗚В銆�

鎴戝€戣垑涓€鍊嬩緥瀛愪締绶寸繏涓€涓嬮€欑ó闁辫畝鏂规硶銆�
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (99骞寸鍥涚瘒闁辫畝)
閫欏彞瑭辨瘮杓冮暦銆備富鍙ュ湪鍝噷锛熼鍏堟垜鍊戞噳瑭插湪寰炲墠鍚戝悗璁€鐨勯亷绋嬩腑锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)鐛ㄧ珛鐨勮瑐瑾炲嫊瑭炴壘鍒颁富鍙�銆傜涓€鍊嬪嫊瑭炴槸declaring锛岀敱浜庡柈绱旂殑doing褰㈠紡涓嶈兘鍋氳瑐瑾烇紝鎵€浠ュ畠寮曞皫鐨勬槸涓€鍊嬩即闅ㄧ媭瑾�銆備富鍙ョ殑涓昏獮鏄浜岃鐨刪e锛岃瑐瑾炴槸ordered锛屽悗闈㈢殑that寮曞皫鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙ュ仛ordered鐨勮硴瑾烇紝閫欏€嬭硴瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑閭勫嚭鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗕竴鍊嬫彃鍏ヨ獮锛堢敤鐮存姌铏熸鏄庯級銆�
璩撹獮寰炲彞鐨勫叏閮ㄥ収(n猫i)瀹瑰爆浜庝笅涓€鍊嬪堡娆�锛屽彲浠ユ毇鏅備笉鐪�銆傚啀鐪嬬牬鎶樺ソ鍚庨潰锛屽張鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗕竴鍊嬬崹绔嬬殑璎傝獮鍕曡asked锛岀敱浜庡緸鍙ョ殑涓昏獮federal funds涓嶆渻鐧�(f膩)鍑篴sked鐨勫嫊浣�锛屽洜姝sked鏄富鍙ョ殑璎傝獮鍕曡銆傝鏄庝富鍙ヤ富瑾瀐e鐧�(f膩)鍑轰簡鍏╁€嬪嫊浣渙rdered鍜宎sked锛岀敤and閫ｆ帴锛宎sked鐨勫悗闈篃鏈変竴鍊嬫瘮杓冮暦鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙�銆�

鎴戝€戝湪鐞嗘竻浜嗘枃绔犵殑绗竴灞ょ祼妲嬫槸锛欴eclaring that…, he ordered that… and asked…涔嬪悗锛屾垜鍊戝氨鍙互鍒嗗垾鍒嗘瀽閫欎笁鍊嬪嫊瑭炵殑璩撹獮閮ㄥ垎浜�銆�
a. Declaring鍚庨潰鏄竴鍊媡hat寮曞皫鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙ワ紝琛ㄧず鍏跺甯冪殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸“鍙嶅皪鍒╃敤閫欓爡闈炲悓灏嬪父鐨勭暅鐗ф妧琛撲締鍏嬮殕浜洪珨”锛�
b. ordered涔嬪悗涔熸槸涓€鍊嬭硴瑾炲緸鍙�锛屼絾鍏朵腑鍙堟彃鍏ヤ簡涓€鍊嬫垚鍒�“浠栧悓鏅備笅浠ょ姝㈡斂搴滆硣鍔╅€欑ó瑭﹂----鐩＄鐩墠閭勬矑鏈変汉鎻愬嚭瑕侀€欐ǎ鍋�”锛�
c. ask涓€瑭炲悗闈㈤€氬父鎺sk sb. to do sth.鐨勭祼妲�锛岄€欏彞瑭辨瘮杓冨京闆�锛屼絾鍏朵富瑕佺祼妲嬩粛鏄痑sk an panel to report back锛屽彧涓嶉亷姣忓€嬩富瑕佹垚鍒嗗張鏈夐檺瀹氬拰淇＞瑾炪€�
閫欏彞瑭辩殑鎰忔€濇槸“鍛戒护涓€鍊嬬敱鏅灄鏂爴澶у鏍￠暦Harold Shapiro甯堕牁鐨勭崹绔嬪皥瀹跺皬绲勫湪涓夊€嬫湀鍏�(n猫i)鍚戠櫧瀹尟鍫�锛屽皪鍒跺畾浜洪珨鍏嬮殕鏂归潰鐨勬斂绛栨彁渚涘缓璀�銆�”