闀�(zh菐ng)鍙�
1. 闀�(zh菐ng)鍙ワ細闀�(zh菐ng)鍙ユ槸璁撴垜鍊戞劅鍒板緢鍥伴洠鐨勫彞瀛�锛岄暦(zh菐ng)鍙ョ殑鏄庨’鐗归粸(di菐n)灏辨槸鍙ュ瓙姣旇純闀�(zh菐ng)锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙寰€寰€鏈変笁銆佸洓琛岋紝鐢氳嚦涓€鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙灏辨槸涓€娈�銆傝ū澶氭噳(y墨ng)瑭﹁€呭湪闁辫畝鏅�(sh铆)缍�(j墨ng)甯告渻(hu矛)闄峰叆涓€鍊�(g猫)寰堥暦(zh菐ng)鐨勫彞瀛愪腑锛屼笉鐭ラ亾瀹冨埌搴曡瑳浜嗕簺浠€涔�銆傞暦(zh菐ng)鍙ヤ箣鎵€浠ラ暦(zh菐ng)锛屼富瑕佹湁涓嬮潰骞惧€�(g猫)鍘熷洜锛�

I. 寰炲彞澶氬張闀�(zh菐ng)锛氫竴鍊�(g猫)涓诲彞甯跺鍊�(g猫)寰炲彞锛屽緸鍙ヤ腑鍙堟湁寰炲彞銆�
鎳�(y墨ng)灏�(du矛)鏂规硶锛�棣栧厛鎵惧埌涓诲彞鐨勪富楂旈儴鍒�锛堝嵆涓昏獮(y菙)銆佽瑐瑾�(y菙)鍜岃硴瑾�(y菙)锛夛紝鍐嶇⒑瀹氬緸鍙ョ殑涓婚珨閮ㄥ垎锛屽鏋滃緸鍙ヤ腑閭勬湁寰炲彞锛�鍦ㄧ⒑瀹氫笅闈竴灞ゅ緸鍙ョ殑涓�銆佽瑐銆佽硴銆傛敞鎰忛柋璁€鏅�(sh铆)涓€灞や竴灞ら€�(j矛n)琛岋紝鍏堟妸鍚屼竴灞ゆ鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹圭湅瀹�锛屽啀鐪嬩笅涓€灞ゆ鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�銆�
渚嬪锛�98骞寸殑绗笁绡囬柋璁€鏂囩珷涓湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍙ヨ┍锛�“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research銆�”
閫欏彞瑭卞氨鏄湪that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓紝鍙堝鍏ヤ簡鍏╁€�(g猫)who寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞銆傞€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙涓诲彞鐨勪富楂旀槸a survey reveals that…銆傚緸鍙ョ殑绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)姣旇純寰�(f霉)闆滐細涓昏獮(y菙)鏄痶he antiscience tag锛堝弽绉戝(xu茅)鐨勬(bi膩o)绨斤級锛岃瑐瑾�(y菙)鏄痟as been attached to锛堣璨煎埌锛�锛岃硴瑾�(y菙)鏄痬any other groups锛屽悗闈㈢敤浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)from sb. who…to sb. who…鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)渚�(l谩i)鑸変緥瑙ｉ噵閫欎簺groups鍖呮嫭浠€涔堜汉銆傞€欏彞瑭辩殑鎰忔€濇槸“1996骞撮€�(j矛n)琛岀殑涓€娆″皪(du矛)鏂版浉(sh奴)鐨勮(di脿o)鏌ラ’绀�锛�“鍙嶇瀛�(xu茅)”鐨勬(bi膩o)绨戒篃琚布鍦ㄤ簡寰堝鍒ョ殑浜虹兢鐨勮韩涓婏紝鍖呮嫭鎻愬€℃牴闄ゆ畼浣欑殑澶╄姳鐥呮瘨鐨勬瑠(qu谩n)濞佹(j墨)妲�(g貌u)锛屼互鍙婃彁鍊″墛娓涘熀绀�(ch菙)绉戝(xu茅)鐮旂┒璩囬噾鐨勬皯涓婚花浜�銆�”

II锛庨暦(zh菐ng)闀�(zh菐ng)鐨勬彃鍏ユ垚鍒嗭細鑰冪爺闁辫畝鎵€閬告枃绔犵殑涓€澶х壒榛�(di菐n)灏辨槸鍠滄鐢ㄦ彃鍏ヨ獮(y菙)锛屾瘮濡�锛岀敤鎻掑叆瑾�(y菙)浜や唬鏌愬彞瑭辨槸瑾�(shu铆)瑾�(shu艒)鐨�锛岃(shu艒)瑭变汉鏄粈涔堣韩浠�锛涙垨鏄敤鎻掑叆瑾�(y菙)渚�(l谩i)淇＞銆佽В閲�銆佽(b菙)鍏呭墠闈㈢殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭瓑绛夈€傛彃鍏ヨ獮(y菙)浣夸綔鑰呰兘鏇撮潏娲诲湴琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鑷繁鐨勬剰鎬�锛屼絾鏄彃鍏ヨ獮(y菙)閬�(gu貌)闀�(zh菐ng)鎴栨槸閬�(gu貌)澶氬鏄撲娇璁€鑰呮壘涓嶅埌闁辫畝鐨勯噸榛�(di菐n)銆�寰炲舰寮忎笂鐪�锛屾彃鍏ヨ獮(y菙)鐨勫嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鏈夋槑椤(bi膩o)蹇楋細鐢ㄩ洐鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)鑸囦富鍙ラ殧闁�(k膩i)鎴栬€呯敤闆欓€楄櫉(h脿o)鑸囦富鍙ラ殧闁�(k膩i)銆�
鎳�(y墨ng)灏�(du矛)鏂规硶锛�璁€鍙ュ瓙鏅�(sh铆)锛屽厛涓嶈鐞嗘渻(hu矛)鎻掑叆瑾�(y菙)锛屽厛鎶婁富鍙ョ殑鎰忔€濈湅瀹�銆傜劧鍚庡啀鐪嬫彃鍏ラ儴鍒�銆�
渚嬪锛�99骞寸涓€绡囬柋璁€鏂囩珷涓湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍙ヨ┍锛�“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. ”
閫欏彞瑭辩殑鎻掑叆瑾�(y菙)姣旇純澶�锛岄鍏堟垜鍊戣鎵惧嚭涓诲彞锛歴tepladders carry labels锛堟瀛愪笂璨艰憲妯�(bi膩o)绨斤級锛岄€欏€�(g猫)labels鏈夊叐鍊�(g猫)淇＞瑾�(y菙)several inches long鍜屼竴鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫緸鍙�銆�
寰炲彞鐨勪富瑾�(y菙)鏄痶hat锛堜篃灏辨槸labels锛夛紝璎傝獮(y菙)鏄痺arn锛岃硴瑾�(y菙)鍙堟槸鍙︿竴鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫緸鍙�锛屽湪warn鍜岃硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞涓彃鍏mong other things锛岃〃绀鸿硴瑾�(y菙)鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹瑰彧鏄湪warn锛堣璀﹀憡鐨勶級鐪惧鍏�(n猫i)瀹逛腑鍒楄垑鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)銆傞€欏€�(g猫)琚垪鑸夌殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸fall off锛堟憯涓嬩締(l谩i)锛�锛屼絾鍦╢all off涔嬪墠鍙堟彃鍏ヤ簡涓€鍊�(g猫)surprise!锛屾彃鍏ラ€欏€�(g猫)瑭炴槸鍥�?y脿n)妯介鍝扟(r猫n)鐐烘瀛愯鍛奻all off鏄欢浠や汉鍚冮鐨勪簨锛屽洜?y脿n)姒曟崬钁戦绶�?l谩i)灏辨湁鎽斾笅渚�(l谩i)鐨勫嵄闅�(xi菐n)锛屼絾鍟嗗鐐轰簡鎬曟秷璨�(f猫i)鑰呮帶鍛�锛岀珶鐒跺皣閫欎箞鏄庨’鐨勪簨鎯呬篃瀵�(xi臎)閫�(j矛n)浜嗚鍛婅獮(y菙)銆�
閫欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勯柋璁€闋嗗簭鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸锛氱涓€灞tepladders carry labels several inches long that锛岀浜屽堡鏄痶hat warn that you might fall off锛屾渶鍚庡啀鐪嬪叐鍊�(g猫)鎻掑叆鐨勯儴鍒哸mong other things鍜宻urprise!

III锛庡垎瑭炵媭瑾�(y菙)銆佺崹(d煤)绔嬩富鏍肩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐨勫共鎿撅細鍒嗚鐙€瑾�(y菙)灏辨槸鎸囩敤doing鎴杁one寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勪即闅ㄧ媭瑾�(y菙)銆佸師鍥犵媭瑾�(y菙)绛夛紱鐛�(d煤)绔嬩富鏍肩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏈夋檪(sh铆)鐢眞ith寮曞皫(d菐o)锛岀湅浼间富璎傜祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屼絾瀵�(sh铆)闅涗笂骞舵矑(m茅i)鏈夌湡姝ｇ殑璎傝獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎銆傜敱浜庨€欎簺鎴愬垎鐨勫共鎿�锛屼笉鍍呭鍔犱簡鍙ュ瓙鐨勯暦(zh菐ng)搴�锛岃€屼笖浣夸汉寰堝鏄撻尟(cu貌)鎶婂畠鍊戠暥(d膩ng)鎴愪富鍙ャ€傚湪閫欓噷锛屾垜鍊戜笉鍘讳粩绱�(x矛)鐮旂┒瀹冨€戠殑瑾�(y菙)娉曟(g貌u)鎴愶紝鑰屼富瑕佺爺绌朵竴涓嬪湪闁辫畝鏅�(sh铆)鎬庢ǎ鍒嗚鲸涓诲彞鍜岄€欎簺寰炲爆閮ㄥ垎銆�
鎳�(y墨ng)灏�(du矛)鏂规硶锛氫富鍙ユ渶閲嶈鐨勭壒寰佸氨鏄湁瀹屾暣鐨勪富璎傜祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽挨鍏舵槸鐛�(d煤)绔嬬殑璎傝獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎銆備粈涔堟ǎ鐨勮鑳芥(g貌u)鎴愮崹(d煤)绔嬬殑璎傝獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎锛熸敞鎰忥細do\does鍜宨s\am\are鐨勫悇绋檪(sh铆)鎱�(t脿i)璁婂寲閮藉彲浠ュ仛璎傝獮(y菙)锛屼絾鏄柈绱旂殑to do\doing\done鍜宼o be\being鐨勫舰寮忔槸涓嶅彲浠ュ仛璎傝獮(y菙)鐨勩€�涓€鍊�(g猫)鐪嬩技鍙ュ瓙鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽鏋滄矑(m茅i)鏈夌崹(d煤)绔嬬殑璎傝獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎锛岄偅瀹冨氨涓嶆槸鍙ュ瓙锛岃€屾槸鍒嗚鐭獮(y菙)鎴栬€呯崹(d煤)绔嬩富鏍肩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�
渚嬪锛�1994骞磋€冪爺闁辫畝鐨勭鍥涚瘒鏂囩珷涓湁閫欐ǎ涓€鍙ヨ┍锛�“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy銆�”
With寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勬槸涓€鍊�(g猫)鐛�(d煤)绔嬩富鏍肩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屽湪閫欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙涓仛鍘熷洜鐙€瑾�(y菙)锛屼篃灏辨槸瑾�(shu艒)“鍥�?y脿n)妤滷(xi脿n)瀛樼檶鐧ョ殑绋(l猫i)鏈�120绋箣澶�锛屾墍浠�…”銆傞€欏彞瑭辩殑涓昏獮(y菙)鏄敱涓€鍊�(g猫)寰�(f霉)闆滅殑鍕�(d貌ng)鍚嶈鐭獮(y菙)鍏呯暥(d膩ng)?sh霉)?锛屽嵆discovering how cancer works銆傜敱浜庨€欏彞瑭辩殑鐙€瑾�(y菙)杓冮暦(zh菐ng)锛屼富瑾�(y菙)鍙堟槸閫欐ǎ鐨勪竴鍊�(g猫)寰�(f霉)闆滅祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛屾墍浠ュぇ瀹跺線寰€鎰熷埌鎵句笉鍒伴€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勪富骞�銆傚(sh铆)闅涗笂锛屽彧瑕佹姄浣忚瑐瑾�(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炲氨寰堝鏄撴壘鍒板彞瀛愪富骞层€傜敱浜庡柈绱攄oing鐨勫舰寮忔槸涓嶅彲浠ュ仛璎傝獮(y菙)鐨�锛屾墍浠ュ湪閫欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙閲�锛宒iscovering灏辩禃涓嶅彲鑳芥槸璎傝獮(y菙)銆傚畠鏄竴鍊�(g猫)鍕�(d貌ng)鍚嶈锛岀浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜庡悕瑭炵殑鐢ㄦ硶锛屽洜姝ゅ畠鏄仛涓昏獮(y菙)鐨勩€俉orks闆栫劧鏄瑐瑾�(y菙)锛屼絾瀹冩槸how cancer works閫欏€�(g猫)寰炲彞涓殑璎傝獮(y菙)锛岃€屼笉鏄富鍙ョ殑璎傝獮(y菙)銆傛墍浠�锛屼富鍙ョ殑璎傝獮(y菙)鍙湁is銆�

鍦ㄥ(sh铆)闅涚殑闁辫畝閬�(gu貌)绋嬩腑锛屾垜鍊戝父甯告渻(hu矛)纰板埌鍖呭惈涓婇潰涓夌ó鎯呮硜鐨勮秴寰�(f霉)闆滃彞瀛�锛屽嵆锛氫竴鍊�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙涓棦鏈夊緸鍙ュ張鏈夋彃鍏ユ垚鍒�锛岄倓鏈夊垎瑭炵媭瑾�(y菙)鎴栬€呯崹(d煤)绔嬩富鏍肩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆傞柋璁€閫欑ó鍙ュ瓙鐨勬纰烘柟娉曟槸锛氬緸鍓嶅悜鍚�锛屾姄浣忕崹(d煤)绔嬬殑璎傝獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎寰炶€屽崁(q奴)鍒ュ嚭涓诲彞鍜屽垎瑭炵媭瑾�(y菙)锛屽啀鏍规摎(j霉)寰炲彞鐨勯€ｆ帴瑭烇紙鏈夋檪(sh铆)鐒�(w煤)閫ｆ帴瑭烇級鍗€(q奴)鍒嗕富鍙ュ拰寰炲彞锛屽堡灞ょ悊瑙ｏ紝鎻掑叆瑾�(y菙)鎻掑湪鍝€�(g猫)灞ゆ涓氨鏀惧湪鍝€�(g猫)灞ゆ涓悊瑙�銆�

鎴戝€戣垑涓€鍊�(g猫)渚嬪瓙渚�(l谩i)绶寸繏(x铆)涓€涓嬮€欑ó闁辫畝鏂规硶銆�
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (99骞寸鍥涚瘒闁辫畝)
閫欏彞瑭辨瘮杓冮暦(zh菐ng)銆備富鍙ュ湪鍝噷锛熼鍏堟垜鍊戞噳(y墨ng)瑭插湪寰炲墠鍚戝悗璁€鐨勯亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)鐛�(d煤)绔嬬殑璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炴壘鍒颁富鍙�銆傜涓€鍊�(g猫)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炴槸declaring锛岀敱浜庡柈绱旂殑doing褰㈠紡涓嶈兘鍋氳瑐瑾�(y菙)锛屾墍浠ュ畠寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勬槸涓€鍊�(g猫)浼撮毃鐙€瑾�(y菙)銆備富鍙ョ殑涓昏獮(y菙)鏄浜岃鐨刪e锛岃瑐瑾�(y菙)鏄痮rdered锛屽悗闈㈢殑that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鍋歰rdered鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)锛岄€欏€�(g猫)璩撹獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓倓鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)鎻掑叆瑾�(y菙)锛堢敤鐮存姌铏�(h脿o)妯�(bi膩o)鏄庯級銆�
璩撹獮(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勫叏閮�?j墨)?n猫i)瀹瑰爆浜庝笅涓€鍊�(g猫)灞ゆ锛屽彲浠ユ毇鏅�(sh铆)涓嶇湅銆傚啀鐪嬬牬鎶樺ソ鍚庨潰锛屽張鍑虹従(xi脿n)浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)鐛�(d煤)绔嬬殑璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭瀉sked锛岀敱浜庡緸鍙ョ殑涓昏獮(y菙)federal funds涓嶆渻(hu矛)鐧�(f膩)鍑篴sked鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)浣滐紝鍥犳asked鏄富鍙ョ殑璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�銆傝(shu艒)鏄庝富鍙ヤ富瑾�(y菙)he鐧�(f膩)鍑轰簡鍏╁€�(g猫)鍕�(d貌ng)浣渙rdered鍜宎sked锛岀敤and閫ｆ帴锛宎sked鐨勫悗闈篃鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)姣旇純闀�(zh菐ng)鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞銆�

鎴戝€�?c猫)璇剁牞杈跺畫鎭肩鐗¤皾绮氬拸Y(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鏄細Declaring that…, he ordered that… and asked…涔嬪悗锛屾垜鍊戝氨鍙互鍒嗗垾鍒嗘瀽閫欎笁鍊�(g猫)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炵殑璩撹獮(y菙)閮ㄥ垎浜�銆�
a. Declaring鍚庨潰鏄竴鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勮硴瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞锛岃〃绀哄叾瀹ｅ竷鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规槸“鍙嶅皪(du矛)鍒╃敤閫欓爡(xi脿ng)闈炲悓灏嬪父鐨勭暅鐗ф妧琛�(sh霉)渚�(l谩i)鍏嬮殕浜洪珨”锛�
b. ordered涔嬪悗涔熸槸涓€鍊�(g猫)璩撹獮(y菙)寰炲彞锛屼絾鍏朵腑鍙堟彃鍏ヤ簡涓€鍊�(g猫)鎴愬垎“浠栧悓鏅�(sh铆)涓嬩护绂佹鏀垮簻璩囧姪閫欑ó瑭﹂(y脿n)----鐩＄鐩墠閭勬矑(m茅i)鏈変汉鎻愬嚭瑕侀€欐ǎ鍋�”锛�
c. ask涓€瑭炲悗闈㈤€氬父鎺sk sb. to do sth.鐨勭祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛岄€欏彞瑭辨瘮杓冨京(f霉)闆滐紝浣嗗叾涓昏绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)浠嶆槸ask an panel to report back锛屽彧涓嶉亷(gu貌)姣忓€�(g猫)涓昏鎴愬垎鍙堟湁闄愬畾鍜屼慨椋捐獮(y菙)銆�
閫欏彞瑭辩殑鎰忔€濇槸“鍛戒护涓€鍊�(g猫)鐢辨櫘鏋楁柉闋撳ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鏍￠暦(zh菐ng)Harold Shapiro甯堕牁(l菒ng)鐨勭崹(d煤)绔嬪皥(zhu膩n)瀹跺皬绲勫湪涓夊€�(g猫)鏈堝収(n猫i)鍚戠櫧瀹尟鍫�(b脿o)锛屽皪(du矛)鍒跺畾浜洪珨鍏嬮殕鏂归潰鐨勬斂绛栨彁渚涘缓璀般€�”