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銆€銆€46.[绮捐В] 鏈鑰冩牳鐨勭煡璀橀粸(di菐n)鏄細宓屽寮忓畾瑾炲緸鍙�銆佹娊璞″悕瑭�銆�

銆€銆€鏈彞鏄敱and閫ｆ帴鐨勪笁鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鍙�锛岄兘浠oth闁嬮牠銆傜涓夊€�(g猫)鍒嗗彞鐨勪富骞叉槸锛歜oth employ an experimental methodology锛岃硴瑾瀖ethodology鍚庢帴鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙ュ仛瀹氳獮锛岃┎瀹氳獮寰炲彞涓張宓屽浜嗕竴鍊�(g猫)that寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫畾瑾炲緸鍙�(demonstrations)can be verified by repetition銆傜敱浜庢湁宓屽寮忓畾瑾炲緸鍙�锛屽洜姝ら渶瑕侀噰鐢ㄦ媶璀硶锛屽緸绗竴鍊�(g猫)that闁嬪鍠崹(d煤)鎴愬彞銆�

銆€銆€瑭炲尟鏂归潰锛歩mply鎰忕偤“鏆楃ず锛屾剰鍛�;蹇呯劧鍖呭惈”;be concerned with鎰忕偤“鑸�……鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛屾秹鍙�;闂�(gu膩n)娉紝鎰熻垐瓒�”;empirical鎰忕偤“浠ュ(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)(鎴栫稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n))鐐烘牴鎿�(j霉)鐨�锛岀稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)涓荤京鐨�”;demonstration鎰忕偤“璀夋槑锛岃珫璀夛紝瑾槑锛岃瓑瀵�(sh铆)”锛岀敱浜庡畠鏄娊璞″悕瑭�锛屽彲鎸夌収婕㈣獮缈�(x铆)鎱�锛岄噰鐢ㄥ姞璀硶锛岃鎴�“璜栬瓑鐨勭祼(ji茅)鏋�”銆倂erify鎰忕偤“妾㈤(y脿n)锛屾煡璀�锛屾牳瀵�(sh铆)”銆�

銆€銆€47.[绮捐В] 鏈鑰冩牳鐨勭煡璀橀粸(di菐n)鏄細姣旇純绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)銆�

銆€銆€鏈彞鏄敱but閫ｆ帴鐨勫苟鍒楀彞銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞涓惈鏈夋瘮杓冪祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)锛歩s less concerned with …and more concerned with …锛屽彲璀偤“杓冨皯鍦伴棞(gu膩n)蹇�……鑰屾洿澶氬湴闂�(gu膩n)娉ㄤ簬”銆備富璎備箣闁撶殑鎻掑叆瑾瀉t least in theory鍋氱媭瑾炵炕璀檪(sh铆)鍙彁鍓嶃€�

銆€銆€瑭炲尟鏂归潰锛歱racticality鎰忕偤“瀵�(sh铆)鐢ㄦ€�”;inextricably鎰忕偤“閫冧笉鎺夊湴锛岃В姹轰笉浜嗗湴锛岃В涓嶉枊鍦�”;be involved with sb./sth.鎰忕偤“鑸�……闂�(gu膩n)绯诲瘑鍒�”銆�

銆€銆€48.[绮捐В] 鏈鑰冩牳鐨勭煡璀橀粸(di菐n)鏄細鍚屼綅瑾炲緸鍙�銆佸璀硶銆�

銆€銆€鍙ュ瓙鐨勪富骞叉槸the concept … is a myth銆備富瑾炲悗鎺ユ湁鐢眛hat寮曞皫(d菐o)鐨勫叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鐨勫悓浣嶈獮寰炲彞銆傜敱浜庝富瑾炲悗淇＞鎴愬垎杓冮暦锛屽洜姝ら噰鐢ㄦ媶璀硶鍠崹(d煤)鎴愬彞銆傚苟涓斿厛璀緸鍙ワ紝鍚庤涓诲彞锛岀敤寰�(f霉)鎸囦唬瑭�“閫欑ó瑙€蹇�”渚嗛€ｆ帴涓诲彞鍜屽緸鍙ョ殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹广€傜浜屽€�(g猫)鍚屼綅瑾炲緸鍙ヤ腑therefore瑾槑鐨勬槸鍏╁€�(g猫)寰炲彞闁撶殑鍥犳灉闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岀炕璀檪(sh铆)瑕佹彁鍓嶅埌绗簩鍊�(g猫)寰炲彞鍓嶃€�

銆€銆€瑭炲尟鏂归潰锛歱ure research鐩磋鐐�“绱旂爺绌�”锛屼笉鏄饥瑾炵繏(x铆)鎱ｈ〃閬�(d谩)锛屾噳(y墨ng)閲囩敤澧炶娉�锛岃鐐�“绱旂悊璜栫殑鐮旂┒”銆俶yth鍙剰鐐�“绁炶┍锛屾潨鎾板嚭渚嗙殑浜烘垨鐗�锛�(娌掓湁浜嬪(sh铆)鏍规摎(j霉)鐨�)铏涙(g貌u)淇″康(鎴栬榛�(di菐n)銆佺悊璜�)”锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)涓婁笅鏂囬伕鎿囧叾“娌掓湁浜嬪(sh铆)鏍规摎(j霉)鐨勮榛�(di菐n)”鐨勫惈缇┿€�

銆€銆€49.[绮捐В] 鏈鑰冩牳鐨勭煡璀橀粸(di菐n)鏄細鍚庣疆瀹氳獮銆佺媭瑾�銆�

銆€銆€瑭插彞瀛愭槸鐢眞hereas(鐒惰€�锛屼絾鏄�)閫ｆ帴鐨勫苟鍒楀彞銆傚墠涓€鍒嗗彞鐨勪富骞叉槸science may be perceived as a … source锛屽悗闈㈡帴for understanding …浠嬭绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鍋氬悗缃畾瑾�锛岀炕璀檪(sh铆)鎳�(y墨ng)鎻愬墠銆傚悗涓€鍒嗗彞鐨勪富骞叉槸manifestations now seem to be out of control锛屽叾涓仛鏅�(sh铆)闁撳拰鍦伴粸(di菐n)鐙€瑾炵殑浠嬭鐭獮in the modern world鍜宯ow鍙彁鍓嶇炕璀€�

銆€銆€瑭炲尟鏂归潰锛歱erceive sth. as sth.鎰忕偤“瑕栫偤锛岃獚(r猫n)鐐�锛岀悊瑙ｇ偤”;source鎰忕偤“渚嗘簮锛屾牴婧�锛屾簮闋�”锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)涓婁笅鏂囪鐐�“鍑虹櫦(f膩)榛�(di菐n)”;manifestation鎰忕偤“椤ず锛岃〃鏄�锛岃〃绀�”锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)涓婁笅鏂囪鐐�“(鎶€琛�(sh霉)鐨�)閬�(y霉n)鐢�”銆�

銆€銆€50.[绮捐В] 鏈鑰冩牳鐨勭煡璀橀粸(di菐n)鏄細璩撹獮寰炲彞銆�

銆€銆€涓诲彞鏄疢any historians of science argue锛屽悗闈ot only … but also閫ｆ帴浜嗗叐鍊�(g猫)骞跺垪鐨勮硴瑾炲緸鍙�銆�

銆€銆€瑭炲尟鏂归潰锛歮omentum鎰忕偤“鎺ㄥ嫊(d貌ng)鍔�锛屽嫝闋�”銆�

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