Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn鈥檛 they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets銆�

How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don鈥檛 have unpredictable things, you don鈥檛 have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it銆�

In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the 鈥渟cientific method鈥� a substitute for imaginative thought. I鈥檝e attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, 鈥淭he data are still inconclusive?锛�?We know that, the men from the budget office have said, 鈥渂ut what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?鈥� The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate銆�

What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but also has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the 鈥渙dd balls鈥� among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who 鈥渨ork well with the team?锛�?/p>

璀枃

鍦ㄥ韪愪腑锛岀瀛�(xu茅)鑸囧叾瑾槸渚濋潬浜嬪厛婧栧倷鐨勮│椹楅倓涓嶅瑾槸渚濋潬瑙€瀵熷椹楄€呯殑鏈夋簴鍌欑殑闋叇銆傛摎(j霉)绋辫壘钖╁厠路鐗涢爴鐖靛＋閫氶亷铇嬫灉钀藉湴锛岀櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗚惉鏈夊紩鍔�銆傚灏戝€嬩笘绱€浠ヤ締锛岃構鏋滀竴鐩村湪瑷卞鍦版柟钀戒笅锛屾垚鍗冧笂钀殑浜虹湅瑕嬪畠钀藉湴銆備絾澶氬勾渚嗙墰闋撲竴鐩村皪鏈堢悆鍜岃鏄熺篂杌岄亾閬嬭鐨勮捣鍥犳劅鍒板ソ濂囥€傛槸浠€涔堜娇瀹冨€戝悇灏卞叾浣�锛熷畠鍊�?y艒u)妲搴婄病濂剁剱绯荤矟鑱涙仛鍒籓鏋滄湞鍦颁笅鎺夎惤鑰屼笉鏄線妯逛笂椋涢€欎竴浜嬪锛屽洖绛斾簡鐗涢爴闀锋湡浠ヤ締灏嶆湀鐞冨拰琛屾槦閭ｄ簺杓冨ぇ鐨勫ぉ涓婃灉瀵︽墍瀛樼殑鐤戝晱銆�

鏈夊灏戜汉鏈冭€冩叜閬庤構鏋滃悜涓婇鍒版ü涓婄殑鍙兘鎬�锛熺墰闋撹€冩叜閬庯紝鍥犵偤浠栦笉鎯冲皪浠讳綍浜嬫儏閫茶闋�(y霉)娓�銆備粬鍙槸鍦ㄤ笉鏂锋€濊€�銆備粬鐨勬€濇兂灏嶄笉鍙爯(y霉)娓殑浜嬫儏鏈夋墍婧栧倷銆備笉鍙爯(y霉)娓€ф槸鐮旂┒鐨勬湰璩�(zh矛)涓嶅彲缂哄皯鐨勪竴閮ㄥ垎銆傚鏋滄矑鏈変笉鍙爯(y霉)娓殑浜嬬墿锛屽氨娌掓湁鐮旂┒?锛熻寲W(xu茅)瀹跺€戝湪鎾板鍗冪瘒涓€寰�銆佹灟鐕ヤ箯鍛崇殑璜栨枃渚涘皥妤�(y猫)鏈熷垔鐧�(f膩)琛ㄦ檪寰€寰€蹇樿閫欎竴榛�锛岃€屾鍙蹭笂閫欐ǎ鐨勪緥瀛愭瘮姣旂殕鏄€�

鍦ㄥ拰涓€浜涚瀛�(xu茅)瀹讹紝鐗瑰垾鏄純鐐哄勾杓曠殑绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺€戜氦璜囨檪锛屼篃瑷辨渻寰楀嚭閫欐ǎ涓€绋嵃璞★紝鍗充粬鍊戣獚鐐衡€滅瀛�(xu茅)鏂规硶鈥�锛屽彲浠ュ彇浠ｆ兂璞℃€濈董銆傛垜鍙冨姞閬庝笉灏戠爺瑷庢渻锛屾渻涓婃煇涓€浣嶇瀛�(xu茅)瀹剁附琚晱鍒�锛屼粬灏嶇辜绾�(x霉)閫茶鏌愰爡瀵﹂鐨勫悎鐞嗘€ф湁浣曟兂娉曘€傞偅浣嶇瀛�(xu茅)瀹剁毢鐨虹湁闋�锛岀湅鐪嬪湒琛�锛岀劧鍚庤鈥滄暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)浠嶄笉澶犲厖鍒嗏€�?锛佹枒@榛炴垜鍊戠煡閬擄紝鈥濋爯(y霉)绠楄睛鍏浜哄摗瑾�锛屸€滀絾浣犵殑鎰忚濡備綍锛熼倓鍊煎緱寰€涓嬪仛鍡�锛熲€濃€滀綘瑾嶇偤鎴戝€戠殑绲�(ji茅)鏋滃彲鑳芥渻濡備綍锛熲€濋偅浣嶇瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺ぇ鐐洪渿椹�锛屼粬娌掓湁鏂欏埌鍒ヤ汉鏈冭畵浠栭爯(y霉)娓�銆�

鐣�(d膩ng)鐒堕€欎簺灏辩瓑浜庤锛岄偅浣嶇瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺凡缍�(j墨ng)鎴愮偤鑷繁璜栨枃鐨勭姧鐗插搧锛屼粬鎵€鎻愬嚭鐨勭ó绋柗瑾炰笉瀹圭疆鐤�锛屼互鑷翠粬涓嶅儏鑷互鐐烘槸锛岃€屼笖浣垮伐鍟嗙鐞嗕汉鍝℃繁淇＄劇鐤�銆傚鏋滆│椹楀畬鍏ㄦ寜鐓х瀛�(xu茅)鏈熷垔鍫卞憡涓櫝杩扮殑閭ｆǎ锛岀収瑷堝妰涓嶆姌涓嶆墸鍦板幓瑷�(sh猫)瑷堝畬鎴�锛岄偅涔�锛岀鐞嗕汉鍝″氨瑾嶇偤锛岀爺绌剁殑绲�(ji茅)鏋滃彲浠ョ編鍏冿紝缇庡垎瑷�锛岄€欏畬鍏ㄧ鍚堥倧杓�銆傚瑷堜汉鍝′篃瀹屽叏鏈夌悊鐢辩浉淇★紝纰哄垏鐭ラ亾鑷繁鐨勭洰妯欏苟鐭ラ亾濡備綍浣垮叾瀵︾従(xi脿n)鐨勭瀛�(xu茅)瀹跺€戞牴鏈矑蹇呰涓夊績浜屾剰锛屼竴鐩寸溂鐫涚洴钁楃従(xi脿n)閲戣閷勫崱锛屽彟涓€鍙溂鐫涘墖鐩憲椤井閺�銆傚鏋滃儚绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺璜栨枃鎵€鍙嶆槧鐨勯偅妯�锛屾复姹傝(gu墨)寰嬫€у拰鑸囨煇绋婧栨ā寮忕殑涓€鑷存€�锛岄偅涔堢鐞嗕汉鍝℃瑕栫爺绌朵汉鍝′腑鐨勨€滄鏂扮珛鐣拌€呪€濊€岃磰璩炩€滃杽浜庡悎浣滆€咃紝鈥濆嵆鎬濇兂涓婁篃杓冪偤寰(gu墨)韫堢煩鐨勪汉锛屼篃鏄劇鍙寚璨�(z茅)鐨�銆�

瑭炲尟

blame v. 璀磋铂(z茅)锛岃铂(z茅)鍌�锛涙鍜� n. 璨�(z茅)浠伙紝閬庡け

渚嬪彞锛欼 don鈥檛 blame you for the failure of the exam. 鎴戜笉鍥犵偤鑰冭│鐨勫け鏁楄€岃铂(z茅)鎬綘銆�

瑭炵祫锛歜lame sth on 鎶婃煇浜嬫鍜庝簬鈥︹€�锛沚lame sb. for sth. 鍥犳煇浜嬭铂(z茅)鍌欐煇浜�锛沬n blame of 璨�(z茅)鍌�

budget n. 闋�(y霉)绠�

渚嬪彞锛歁ost of our defense budget goes for conventional forces and manpower. 鎴戝€戝ぇ閮ㄥ垎鐨勫湅闃查爯(y霉)绠楁槸鐢ㄥ湪甯歌(gu墨)鍔涢噺鍜屼汉鍝′笂闈�銆�

conference n. 鏈冭锛屽崝(xi茅)鍟嗘渻锛岃◣璜栨渻

渚嬪彞锛欰fter the interview they held a press conference together. 鏈冭珖鍚�锛屼粬鍊戝叡鍚岃垑琛屼簡瑷樿€呮嫑寰呮渻銆�

瑭炵祫锛歩n conference 姝ｅ湪闁嬫渻瑷庤珫锛沨ave a conference with 鍜屸€︹€﹀崝(xi茅)鍟�

Conformity n. 绗﹀悎锛屼緷鐓�(娉曡(gu墨)锛岀繏(x铆)淇楃瓑)

娲剧敓锛歝onform v. 閬靛畧锛屼緷鐓э紝绗﹀悎锛岄爢鎳�(y墨ng)(鑸噒o 閫ｇ敤)

渚嬪彞锛歐e should act in conformity with rules and laws. 鎴戝€戞噳(y墨ng)瑭蹭緷鐓ц(gu墨)瀹氬拰娉曞緥杈︿簨銆�

瑭炵祫锛歩n conformity with sth. 鑸囨煇浜嬬墿鐩镐竴鑷�

conventional a. 鎸夋叄渚嬭睛浜嬬殑锛屽畧鑸婄殑锛涘偝绲�(t菕ng)鐨�

娲剧敓锛歝onvention n. 鎱ｄ緥锛岀繏(x铆)淇�锛涘ぇ鏈冿紝鏈冭

渚嬪彞锛欰fter a few conventional remarks, he made a brilliant speech. 璎涗簡骞惧彞濂楄┍鍚�锛屼粬鍋氫簡涓€鍊嬮潪甯哥簿褰╃殑婕旇瑳銆�

Convince v. 浣挎煇浜虹⒑淇�锛屼娇鏌愪汉鏄庣櫧

娲剧敓锛歝onvinced a. 琚鏈嶇殑 convincing a. 浠や汉淇℃湇鐨�

渚嬪彞锛歐hat he said convinced me of the truth. 浠栨墍瑾殑瑭变娇鎴戠浉淇′簡閫欏€嬩簨瀵︺€�

瑭炵祫锛歝onvince sb. of sth. 浣挎煇浜虹浉淇℃煇浜�

鎻愮ず锛歝onvince 鍙兘鍋氬強鐗╁嫊瑭�锛屽悗闈㈣窡sb. 鍋氬叾璩撹獮銆�

curious a. 濂藉鐨�锛屽ソ鎵撹伣鐨�

娲剧敓锛歝uriosity n. 濂藉蹇�

渚嬪彞锛歋he is curious about what has happened. 濂瑰緢鎯崇煡閬撶櫦(f膩)鐢熶簡浠€涔�銆�

瑭炵祫锛歜e curious about 灏嶁€︹€﹀ソ濂�锛沚e curious to do 寰堟兂(鍋�)锛涙复鏈�(鍋�)

Distract v. 杞�(zhu菐n)绉绘敞鎰忓姏锛涜糠鎯�锛屾摼浜�

渚嬪彞锛歍he noise in the classroom distracted me from reading. 鏁欏閲岀殑鍢堥洔鑱蹭娇鎴戜笉鑳介泦涓敞鎰忓姏鐪嬫浉銆�

鍙嶇京瑭烇細attract

essential a. 蹇呰鐨�锛涙湰璩�(zh矛)鐨�

渚嬪彞锛歐e must dispose of too many essential features of the investigated phenomenon. 鎴戝€戜笉寰椾笉鎺掗櫎鎵€鐮旂┒鐝�(xi脿n)璞＄殑瑷卞鍩烘湰鐗瑰緛銆�

杈ㄦ瀽锛歟ssential, fundamental, vital

essential 鎸囧爆浜庢湰浜嬬墿鏈€鏈唱(zh矛)鐨勬澅瑗挎垨鑰呰兘鑸囧叾浠栦簨鐗╃浉鍗€(q奴)鍒ョ殑鐗瑰緛锛沠undamental 鎸囨煇涓€楂旂郴浜嬬墿鎴栧缓绛戠殑鍩虹(ch菙)锛泇ital 鎸囬噸瑕佺殑锛屽皪浜嬬墿鐨勫瓨鍦ㄣ€佹寔绾�(x霉)鐨勬椿鍔涙垨鏁堢巼蹇呬笉鍙皯鐨�銆�

faithfully ad. 蹇犺獱鍦帮紝瑾犲鍦�

娲剧敓锛歠aithful a. 蹇犺獱鐨�锛屽彲闈犵殑 faith n. 淇′换锛屼俊鐢�锛涗俊浠�

渚嬪彞锛歍he old nurse has served the family faithfully for forty years. 閫欏€嬭€佷繚濮嗙偤閫欏€嬪搴繝瑾犲湴鏈嶅嫏(w霉)浜嗗洓鍗佸勾銆�

frown v. 鐨虹湁锛涜〃绀轰笉楂樿垐

渚嬪彞锛歍he government frowns at any waste of taxpayers鈥� money. 鏀垮簻灏嶄换浣曟氮璨荤磵绋呰€呰病绋呯殑琛岀偤琛ㄧず涓嶆豢銆�

瑭炵祫锛歠rown on/upon 涓嶈磰鎴�锛屼笉浠ョ偤鐒�

gravity n. 閲嶅姏锛屽紩鍔�

渚嬪彞锛欸ravity, although the weakest known force, is the only universal force. 寮曞姏闆栫劧鏄凡鐭ュ姏涓渶寮辩殑鍔�锛屽畠鍗绘槸鍞竴鏅亶瀛樺湪鐨勫姏銆�

inconclusive a. 闈炴焙瀹氭€х殑锛涗笉纰哄畾鐨�

渚嬪彞锛歍he jury found the evidence against the prisoner inconclusive and acquitted him. 闄鍦樼櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鎺у憡缃姱鐨勭姜璀変笉纰洪懣锛屾墍浠ユ斁浜嗕粬銆�

鍙嶇京瑭烇細conclusive

indicate v. 鎻愮ず锛屽紩璧峰皪鈥︹€︽敞鎰�锛涜〃绀�锛涙殫绀�

娲剧敓锛歩ndication n. 鎸囩ず锛涜薄寰侊紝璺¤薄 indicator n. 鎸囩ず鍣� indicative a. 鎸囩ず鐨�锛岃薄寰佺殑(甯歌垏of 閫ｇ敤)

渚嬪彞锛欰 signpost on the road indicates the right way for the drivers. 棣矾涓婄殑璺鐐哄徃姗熸鍑洪仼鍚堢殑璺�銆�

orbital a. 杌岄亾鐨�

渚嬪彞锛欼f it fails, a new cargo spaceship must be launched to transport cargo to the orbital station. 濡傛灉澶辨晽蹇呴爤鐧�(f膩)灏勬柊鐨勮級璨ㄩ鑸圭偤杌岄亾绔欓亱閫佽波鐗�銆�

predict v. 瑾炶█锛岄爯(y霉)绀�

娲剧敓锛歱redictable a. 鍙獮瑷€鐨� predictor n. 闋�(y霉)瑷€瀹� prediction n. 瑾炶█锛涢爯(y霉)鍫�

渚嬪彞锛欳ould Marx predict that the October Revolution would take place in backward Russia? 棣厠鎬濊兘闋�(y霉)鏂欏埌鍦ㄤ竴鍊嬭惤鍚庣殑淇勫湅鏈冨鐝�(xi脿n)鍗佹湀闈╁懡鍡�锛�

speculate v. 鎺ㄦ柗锛屾帹娓�(on, upon, about)锛涙姇姗�

娲剧敓锛歴peculation n. 鎺ㄦ脯锛屾帹鏂�

渚嬪彞锛歍he doctor speculated that a virus caused the disease. 閱�(y墨)鐢熸帹鏂锋槸鏌愮ó鐥呮瘨寮曡捣浜嗛€欑ó鐤剧梾銆�

substitute v. 浠ｆ浛锛屾浛浠� n. 浠ｆ浛鍝�

娲剧敓锛歴ubstitution n. 浠ｆ浛锛屼唬鏇跨墿

渚嬪彞锛歐hen a member is injured, a substitute plays in his place. 鐞冨摗鍙楀偡鏅�锛屾浛瑁滅悆鍝″氨浠ｆ浛浠栫殑浣嶇疆銆�

瑭炵祫锛歴ubstitute for 浠ｆ浛锛屽彇浠�

鍚岀京瑭烇細replace

victim n. 鍙楀鑰�锛岀姧鐗茶€�

渚嬪彞锛歐e should not be a victim of materialism. 鎴戝€戜笉鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉垚鐐虹墿璩�(zh矛)涓荤京鐨勭姧鐗插搧銆�

瑭炵祫锛歠all a victim to 鎴愮偤鈥︹€︾殑鐘х壊鍝�